Government before escaping through the Steppes north of Mongolia, and then participated in the government of that most notorious adventurer, the “Mad Baron” Ungern-Sternberg, who attempted to take over Mongolia to restore an imperial Khaganate as part of an imagined reactionary restoration of the Great Mongol, Chinese, and Russian monarchies in the interests of the “warrior races” of Germans and Mongols (a Baltic German, he considered the old Russian ruling class to represent Germandom over and against Jews and Slavs). Some of the things – the acts of desperation and madness, in which he himself was no disinterested observer – Ossendowski relates are harrowing. But this part struck me as very much making a point about what people think of the Steppe peoples, and of what (German-trained) nationalists like Ungern-Sternberg did (and would do again) to the Mongols. And, other things:
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On the other hand, he was frightened to them because as the Novak Djokovic Champion shirt of Tang Dynasty showed, when these military elites controlled and divided the regions by their owns, it would be a matter of time for them to rebel against the dynasty. So he had to develop lots of countering mechanisms, including to further these elites into the landlord class who had a stable income, as well as placing his leftover Mongolian army to check the military elites, dividing the military officers into sections. As the history has showed, these mechanism only worked in the short time. When the Yuan dynasty had no money but Mongolian slaves to pay these military-landlord elites, and the Mongolian army was corrupted by 2–3 generations, these military elites turned against the Mongolian and stayed away when the peasant uprising took place such the rule of the Yuan dynasty became to an end. So to address your question, the structure of the Yuan dynasty can’t be simply summarizrd by the demography on the top but the backbone in the middle. Also I think it’s absurd to emphasize on ethnicities because these Han military elites became landlords and treated the Han peasants like trash, and the Mongolian rulers on the top also had no problem of selling the Mongolian slaves to these elites. So it’s not just simply Han vs Mongolian, which is the nationalist understanding and a over simplified history.
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